Description: Discusses mortality improvements over the last 20 years, the extent to which premiums on nonparticipating policies reflect the changes in mortality experience, the proposed new valuation table, should valuation tables be split by gender, and extra mortality on substandard lives at very long durations.

Description: This paper is concerned with the fundamental nature of life insurance company earnings. The operation of the policy reserve system as the timing mechanism which determines the incidence of earnings is discussed, and the concept of release from risk is then described. A policy reserve system based on the concept of release from risk is developed, and the earnings which emerge from this system are analyzed from both an actuarial and an accounting viewpoint. S ome specific p o l i c y r e s e r v e m e t h o d s a r e ident i f i ed a s spe c i a l c a s e s of t h e r e l e a s e f r o m r i sk p o l i c y r e s e r v e s y s t e m .

Description: In this article, we explore key insights from Oliver Wyman's 2020 Life PBR Emerging Practices Survey, which provides a broad industry perspective with more than 50 companies participating representing 95 percent of the individual life market (by written premium). Insights include the impact of PBR on reserves and profitability in addition to emerging practices related to product design, assumption development, and methodology decisions.

Description: This article summarizes VM-31 updates to the 2018 and 2019 Valuation Manuals, and considerations for PBR Reports based on findings from the 2017 submissions.

Description: Discusses the use of a valuation basis involving the use of two interest rates, which solves the deficiency reserve problem without requiring the abandonment of either low gross premiums or relatively high withdrawal values.

Description: Author traces the tax treatment of deficiency reserves, beginning with the 1959 Act, illustrating how the decisions made in the development of the 1959 Act continue to affect the tax treatment of those reserves today.

Description: The purpose of this paper is to set forth a precise method of testing reserves based upon the time-honored accumulation formula, which requires the production of reserves and transactions by attained age.

Description: Panelists discuss many developments over the year 1991 that impact the valuation actuary. Session 1 of the 1991 Valuation Actuary Symposium.

Description: Panelists discuss many developments over the year 1992 that impact the valuation actuary. Session 1 of the 1992 Valuation Actuary Symposium.

Description: The effect on level premium reserves of a change in the interest or mortality basis can often be predicted by the results obtained in Spurgeon's Life Contingencies, Chap. X, pp. 185-190. This note offers formulas to demonstrate the effect of such changes.